ERRORS & ITS TYPES

ERROR:-The error in the measurement is always equal to the difference between the true value & the calculated value of the quantity.

ERROR = TRUE VALUE - CALCULATED VALUE

 TYPES OF ERROR:-

1. Constant Errors :- The errors which affects each observation by the same amount are called constant errors.

2.Systematic Errors :- The errors which tend to occur in one direction, either positive or negative, are called systematic errors.

        a) Instrumental errors :- These error occur due to the inbuilt defect of the measuring                      instrument. 

        b)Imperfection in experimental technique :- These errors due to the limitations of the                 experimental arrangement.

        c) Personal errors :- These errors arise due to individual bias, lack of proper setting of                 apparatus or individual's carelessness in taking observation without observing proper               precautions.

        d) Errors due to the external cause :- These errors arise due to the change in external                    conditions.

3.Random errors :- The errors which occur irregularly & at random, in magnitude & direction, are called random error.

4.Least count errors :- This error is due to to the limitation imposed by the least count of the measuring instrument. The smallest division on the scale of the measuring instrument is called its least count.

5. Gross errors or mistakes :- These errors are due to either carelessness of the person or due to improper adjustment of the apparatus. No correction can be applied for gross errors.